PARADIP TO PUSSUR RIVER-CHART 351: PARADIP PORT: Paradip Port (20º16'N, 86º41'E), a deep water all weather port, lying about 1 mile NE of Paradip lighthouse. The Port has an artificial lagoon type harbour protected by two rubble mound “Break Waters” and approached by the dredged channel. Function. The main exports are iron ore, thermal coal, chrome ore, chrome conc., steel coils, steel slab, fero-chrome, pig iron, Manganese ore, lime stone and aluminum. The main Imports are coking coal, fertilizer raw material, phosphoric acid, hard coke, lime stone, rock phosphate, ammonia, pig iron, steel, magnetite, edible oil and heavy lifts. Navigational Marks: Port Signaling Station (20º16'.18 N,86º40'.04 E) A wreck dangerous to surface navigation lies in an approximate position of 2 miles SW of Paradip Light. Another wreck dangerous to navigation lies about 3½ miles NE of Paradip Light. Anchorage: General Anchorage –I and General Anchorage-II lies 4 and 6 miles SE of Paradip light. Two other anchorages (VLCC 1 - 20° 01’.80N, 086°38’.50E and VLCC 2 - 20° 05’.40N, 086°49’.10E) are existing 13 miles s and SE respectively from Paradip light. Prohibited Anchorages: Anchorage is prohibited in an area in the port approaches, shown on the chart, centred 2 miles E of the pilot boarding position. Restricted Area: The area bounded by following coordinates is declared as “Restricted Area” for vessels other than the vessels involved in the operational activities of IOCL SPM works. 20 º13'.40N, 086 º36'.00E, 20 º02'.40N, 086 º41'.30E 20 º06'.81N, 086 º47'.43E, 20 º14'.53N, 086 º37'.87E Dumping ground is established 5 miles NE from North breakwater as shown on chart Paradip to Maipura Point: Nurrea Banga Nassi (20º 25'N, 86º 48'E), a narrow low lying island, lies about 10 miles NE of Paradip Port; a tongue of land, consisting of small grassy sand hillocks about 2 m high, extends nearly 2½ miles NE from False Point and nearly joins the S end of Nurrea Banga Nassi. False Point Light (20º 19'.8N, 86º 44'.5E), is exhibited from a 38m high white circular masonry tower with red bands, standing on a large island formed within the S and N entrances of Mahanadi River and located about 5 miles NE of the entrance to Paradip Port. The Lighthouse is difficult to see if there is a heat haze because it has a light coloured top and there is no background. From January to March the False Point Light is occasionally obscured by the fog on the land which sometimes causes it to show a deep red colour. During this period vessels should obtain soundings when approaching False Point and should avoid going to depth of less than 20m, which is a about 3½ miles offshore. A large prominent stone building lies at Hukitola, 5½ miles NNE of False Point Lighthouse, with a Banyan tree nearby, it appears at a distance as a single structure, the tree appearing as a cloud on the roof of the building. Reddie Point, the position of which is continuously changing, lies at the N end of a drying spit which consist of Casuarina trees at the S of the island/spit and sand patch on the North. It is situated N of the mouth of the Brahmani River and Nurrea Banga Nassi. Marine Reserve Area: False Bay area is the Ideal breeding ground of Olive Ridley Turtles. The area is declared as a Marine Sanctuary and named as Gahiramatha Marine Sanctuary. Trawling and any other activity harmful to marine life are strictly prohibited in the area NE of Paradip to Wheeler Island. The area is bounded by following co-ordinates:- 20º 20'.5 N, 86º 47'.3 E, 20º 17'.6 N, 86º 56'.2 E 20º 25'.0 N, 87º 00'.0 E, 20º 38'.5 N, 87º 16'.5 E 20º 42'.8 N, 87º 17'.5 E, 20º 47'.0 N, 87º 09'.0 E 20º 44'.0 N, 87º 04'.2 E, 20º 43'.9 N, 87º 02'.7 E 20º 43'.0 N, 87º 03'.5 E, 20º 42'.6 N, 87º 02'.8 E Mahanadi River: Mahanadi River has two entrances which lie between lion’s Rump (20º18' N, 86º44' E), and the S end of Nurrea Banga Nassi; they are separated by a narrow strip of low-lying sand cay which covers at high spring tides. This cay, with the N end of Lion’s Rump and S end of Nurrea Banga Nassi, is subject to inundation at normal high water when strong surf is running. The S entrance to the river comprises two narrow channels between shoals and sandpits which boats can use at most states of the tide, when there is no surf. These channels usually lie one close to Lion’s Rump and the other close to the S end of the sand cay. Tidal Streams off the S entrance to Mahanadi River follow the coast and attain a rate of 1 to 1½ knots at springs on ebb and flood. The N entrance to the river lies close N of the central sand cay about 3½ miles ENE of False Point Lighthouse; it is very narrow and nearly always subject to surf and can be negotiated only by local boats in calm weather. At the entrance to the river and near False Point the land is low and intersected by many creeks. The action of the surf forms long narrow islands, with shoal ground between them, which are continually altering in shape. False Point: The point derives its name from the circumstance that vessels proceeding up the Bay of Bengal frequently mistook it for Point Palmyras, less than a degree farther North. It is a low headland with a lighthouse located 2 km inland from the point. During January through March , fog may occasionally obscure the light or cause it to a deep red colour. Frequent soundings should be taken and depths should be shoaled to less than 20 m. During the NE monsoon or with NE winds, the current winds, the current in the vicinity of False point generally sets to the W. From June to end November, there is little or no flood off False point, except at spring tides when strong set is because of the rivers. Off False Bay the flood sets to the NW to N and the ebb sets SW, each at a rate of about 1 knot. The tidal current, together with the coastal current during the SW monsoon, sometimes attains a rate of 4 knots. A drying shifting sand spit extends N and W from the N end of Nurrea Banga Nassi. False Point Anchorage: lies N of Nurrea Banga Nassi and in the bay W of Reddie Point, anchorage in the bay is safe but it is very shallow and is gradually silting up. Small vessels with local knowledge can anchor in a depression nearly 1½ miles long lying S of Reddie Point and W of the spit in depths of from 2.1 to 4.3m. From S make False Point lighthouse (20º 20'N 86º 44'E) and keep in depths of at least 18m until the lighthouse bears 244º distant 10 miles, from there make good a course of about 320º towards the anchorage. Outer Anchorage: Vessels can anchor in False Bay in a depth of about 8m about 1 mile N of Redie Point or in 10m about 1 mile farther NE. The holding ground is good but the anchorage is exposed and, with any wind the resulting ground swell makes it an uncomfortable berth, with risk of damage to boats and small craft alongside, and hence it is not recommended. The S shore of the bay W of Nurrea Banga Nassi, consists of Plowden Mud Flats at the entrance to Jambu River and around the vicinity of Temple Point it is principally mangrove swamp. Temple Point (20º25'N, 86º44'E) is covered with trees. The mouth of Hansua River (Broni Mohan Creek), 2½ miles WNW of Reddie Point, forms a prominent gap between high sand hills. Safe landing on the seaward beaches of the bay is usually impracticable due to surf. Landing can, however be effected in sheltered water W of Nurrea Banga Nassi; this can be done by entering the creek leading to False Point Lighthouse and proceeding thence into the smaller creek leading back to the foreshore. Neither facilities for vessels nor supplies are available in this area which is uninhabited except for some semi-permanent hutments and fishing villages, the lighthouse keepers and the care taker of the refuge house at Hukitola are most of the time available. A motor launch and a pulling boat are maintained at the lighthouse; the only means of communication with the interior is by boat. False Bay: False Bay lies between Nurrea Banga Nassi and Maipura (Maipura) Point (20º 43' N, 87º 03' E), about 20 miles NE at the entrance to Maipura River. Palymras point and shoals lies about 6 miles W of Shortt Island, is the N extremity of the low land which lies between Maipura River and Dhamra River. The low land on the N side of the Dhamra river presents a similar aspect as far N as Balishahi point, about 4 miles distant. Depths in the bay are regular. When approaching from E the depths decrease gradually, but when approaching Palmyras Shoals from E depths decrease abruptly from 24m to 16m and 7m. The bottom in the S part of the bay is soft mud changing to a mixture of sand and mud in the N part of the bay. The coast between Hansua River and Maipura Point is moderately high and consists of sandhills. Satbhaya Sandhill, 20m high, stands 5½ miles SW of Maipura Point with a solitary clump of bushes at its NE end and is a good mark. Approaches to Dhamra River: Maipura River (20°41.15’N, 087°05.02’E) south branch of Brahmani River lies between Maipura Point and SW end of Long sand, ¾ miles NE. Though fairly deep within, the entrance to the river is blocked by flats which can only be crossed by boats in fair weather half tide. A mangrove island exists on the mouth of the river which divides the river into two streams before entering into the sea. The area near mouth of the river is a part of Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary and Bhitarkanika Sanctuary which is famous for Olive Ridley turtles and crocodiles. Anchorage may be obtained off Maipura Point in depths of 11m to 12m, the bottom is generally mud and sand, about 2¾ miles SE of the sand hills on the N end of Maipura point (20º 41'.15N, 87º 05'.2 E), giving shelter from strong NW winds. Long Sand, a drying shoal in two parts, on which the sea breaks heavily, extends about 2.75 miles NE from entrance to Maipura river. Wheeler Island is an island off the coast of Odisha, situated 93 miles from Bhubneshwar, 6.2 miles off the Eastern coast of India in Bay of Bengal and about 43miles S of Chandipur in Odisha. Wheeler Islands comprise a group of six islands of 6 m high lying on Long Sand with two largest on the NE part of the shoal and the four remaining islands spread around Long Sand. A channel, 2.25 cables wide and with a least depth of 2.3m leads NW separating the two parts of Long Sand. Outer Wheeler (Tentulichadha), the largest of the group 4.6m high lies about 2.8 miles NNE of Maipura Point. This is triangular in shape and the sand flat extends 1 mile SE of the island. Long Wheeler (Babubali), The second largest island lies 1.6 cables N of Maipura Point, with Coconut wheeler (Shankarbali), 12m high, and Small Wheeler (Baibali) lying close W. The other two islets are located close SE of Long Wheeler. Palymyras Point and shoals lies about 6 miles W of Shortt Island, is the N extremity of the low land which lies between the Maipura River and the Dhamra River. The point is difficult to distinguish because of the dense jungle growth which covers it. The low land on the N side of the Dharma River presents a similar aspect as far N as Balishahi Point, about 4 miles distant. Palmyras Shoals, with a least depth of 0.9 m the shoals extend from about 6 miles ENE of Long Sand. Caution: When approaching Palmyras Shoals from E depths decreases abruptly from 24m to 7m.Tiderips occur at the NE end of the shoals. Tidal Streams set over Palmyras Shoals at a rate of 2 knots at springs. On the NE side of the shoals the stream sets NW with the rising tide and SW with the falling tide. At the S end the stream sets N with the rising tide and S with the falling tide. From the end of June to the end of November there is little or no flood or W current off False Point and Palmyras Shoals except at spring tide. Shortt Island, 4½ miles E of Palmyras Point is just about disappeared due to erosion and a tower, 18 m in high stands close off the E side of the Island. The island is marked by heavy breakers. A wreck dangerous to surface navigation and whose position is approximate lies about 3 ½ miles NE of Short Island tower. The Pilots Ridge is the part of the coastal bank with depths of about 32m to 35m lying about 30 miles E of Wheeler Islands. In the days of hand lead line sounding it was used as a guide when approaching the coast and Hugli River. While in depth of over 42m the bottom of the ridge is shell, sand and reddish gravel, while in depth of over 42m the bottom consists of sand and mud with shining specks of olive coloured mud with broken shells. The SE edge of the ridge is fairly steep. Maipura Point to Balisahi Point: Palmyras Point (20º46'.00 N, 86º58'.50E), 6 miles NW of Maipura Point, forms the S entrance point of Dhamra River. The point lying on a low land is covered with dark jungle and is difficult to distinguish. There are a few Palmyras Trees in the surroundings. A mud bank which dries to a distance of 2½ miles offshore at places, fronts this stretch of coast. Two small islets lies on this mud bank about 3½ miles S of Palmyras Point. Dhamra River is entered between Palmyras Point and the low mud point 1 mile NW. Talchua Point (20°46.036’N, 086°56.372’E), lies 1 mile W of Palymras Point. There are two jetties which exist in Talchua (Kendrapada District) – Passenger Jetty (20°46.027’N, 086°56.577’E) and Fishing Jetty (20°46.036’N, 086°56.372’E). Also, in the vicinity of the Fishing Jetty there is a Marine Police Station (20°45.974’N, 086°56.311E). The passenger ferry boat operates from Talchua to Dhamra and Chandbali on daily basis. The vessels with draught of 2-3m can operate till the fishing jetty, which is the South channel of the Dhamra River. Kanika Sand, extensive drying sand and mud flats, form the N side of the approach to Dhamra River and is the S part of shallow flats which extend upto 5 miles offshore between Chandnipal Beacon and Balushahi Point, 2½ miles N. Luna Bund (New), an embankment extends all along the coast, fringed with mangroves, N of Chandnipal Point. Dhamra River: The most important of rivers in the state of Orissa, forms the N exit of the confluence of Brahmani, Baitarani and Matai Nadi. At its mouth the river is divided into two channels and is navigable. The S Channel known as Kalibhanj Channel is not navigable. The entrance channel to Dhamra River, which leads between Kanika Sand on the N and the drying mud and sand flat extending E from Palmyras Point on the S, is 4 cables wide at its narrowest portion. The outer end of the channel to Dhamra River lies 1 mile NNW of the N end of Shortt Island has a least depth of 1.4m over the bar. The channel is buoyed from E of the bar to about 10 miles within the entrance; position of buoys are liable to be altered as the channel changes. The E end of the Kalibhanj Dian is called East Point. Dhamra: a village with a few houses, lies 3½ miles W of Chandnipal Point. There is a fishing harbour close by. Another beacon stands 7 cables farther W on the W entrance point of a small river. A beacon stands close opposite to the earlier beacon near village Nalitapatia. Matai Nadi, a river which joins Dhamra river from N about ½ mile above the village of Dhamra is about 1 cable wide and reported to be navigable at low water for vessels of 2.4 m draught. Bottom of the river is soft mud. Extensive fishing activity takes place in the river. Also, small cottages are sighted at the E of the entrance of the river. Baitarani River: Baitarani River, is a major river which flows through Orissa. It converges and forms a part of Dhamra River (at 20° 44.83’ N, 086°48.79’ E). The average depth of the river is 6 m with sand and muddy bottom. The entrance to Baitarani River lies between North Point and South Point at the confluence of Baitarani River and Dhamra River, about 6 miles SW of Dhamra Village. There are small cottages sighted at the bank of the river. On the opposite and E to the mouth of the Baitarani river exist two villages namely Nalitapatia and Kanripal. During low water, a sand patch is visible which extends up to 1.5 Km along the bank of the river. There is a passenger ferries which connects, Dhamra, Nalitapatia and Chandbali. Chandbali is situated at 4 miles from the mouth of the river. The maximum draught for vessels trading with Chandnibali is from 3.7m at high water neaps to 4.4 m at high water springs; but only vessels with local knowledge should use the river. Brahmani River joins Dhamra River E of South Point, (20º 35'N, 86º 48'E); a tributary of the former leads to Cuttack, 55 miles WSW of the junction. Depth at the entrance is 8m and is navigated by passenger boats operating from Chandbali and Dhamra. On the W exists a branch namely Khola river which is the entrance to Bhitarkanika (tourist place with mangrove vegetation and marshy area). Sometimes, crocodiles are sighted near the mouth of the river. On the NW of the entrance of the Brahmani River, there exists a village Nalitapatia (20°45.52’ N, 086°49.79’ E). A jetty exists at Nalitapatia where the passenger boat operates on daily basis. Chandbali (20°46’N, 086°44’E): a small town, lies on the N bank of Baitarani River about 8 miles above its junction with Brahmani River. Formerly, there was a regular sea communication and trade with Kolkata which has been ceased. The Orissa Government ferry boat operates from Talchua to Chandbali via Dhamra on daily basis. Facilities are available like Weather Forecasting Station, Fire Station, Water Resource Department and Government Hospital. There exists a Port Office ½ mile E from Jetty. Also there is a bridge connecting Chandbali to Kendrapada district. Anchorage: may be obtained in mid-stream off the town in depths of about 8m to 12m. DHAMRA PORT: The Dhamra Port is a port in Bhadrak district, Odisha, India, about seven kilometers from the old port of Dhamra. Port is situated in position 20°49.75'N, 86°58.57'E between Haldia and Paradeep, Dhamra Port is well sheltered between the mainland and Kanika Sands Island on the mouth of the river Dhamra. Principal activities of the port are export and import of Coal, Iron Ore, and Lime Stone. Approach: After passing E of Palmyras Shoals (200 46.60 N 870 12.33 E) and remaining outside the 20 m contour, the approach can be made from the E, passing close N to the fairway light buoy (200 55.46 N 870 07.05 E) then proceeding via the buoyed channel marked by paired light buoys numbered 1 to 20. Buoy no 17 is permanently removed to facilitate smooth movement of vessel in the bend. The approach channel is 10 mile long and 170 240 m wide. Anchorage: Recommended anchorage is well separated from the entrance of channel 6 mile NE of fairway buoy and provides excellent holding ground with a minimum depth of 18 m. Balisahi to Burhabalang River: Between Balisahi and Chandipur, 10 miles NE, the coast becomes firmer with lighter trees and sand hills; inland, a large double pagoda shows among trees on NW bearings. A conspicuous flat-topped tree stands 3 miles E of Pagoda. The coast between Chandipur (21º 26'N, 87º 02'E) and the entrance to Burhabalang River, 2 miles NE, appears sandy. A black flagstaff stands on the coast 6 cables NE of Chandipur. A pillar stands on the N bank of the river, 1½ miles N of the flagstaff. Chandipur, lies about 2½ miles SW of S entrance point of Burhabalang River. The Orissa Coast Canal runs along this stretch of coast. A large Double Pagoda about 5½ miles WSW of Chandipur and 2 miles inland, is visible among the trees from SE. Pandale Ghat Pillar, which covers at high water, stands 2½ miles SE Double Pagoda. A conspicuous flat-topped tree stands 3½ miles E Double Pagoda. Anchorage: The best anchorage for the vessels of about 6m draught is available in a depth of about 7.3m, sand and stiff mud, good holding ground with Chandipur flagstaff bearing 314º, distant 5¾ miles, or if of less draught, closet inshore on the same bearing. The roadstead is in the track of cyclonic storms which have caused many disasters. Vessels in doubt of weathering a storm should move away from here. Burabhalang River: Burabhalang River, is a major river which enters sea at 20°28.138’ N, 087°03.362’ E near the Balaramgadi village. There extends a sandy beach from Chandipore to the entrance of the Burabhalang River. There exists no permanent jetty at the mouth of the river. The fishing boats are generally anchored at the middle stream of the river. There are a number of small jetties at about 1 mile E of the entrance where only one fishing boat can berth (20°28 N, 087°02’ E). The Burhabalang River is prone to floods during monsoons. During monsoon the river changes its course at the entrance. The mouth of the river is constantly eroding. Local knowledge is mandatory for navigating in to the river. There are also shifting sand banks at the mouth of the river. The size and shape of the sandbank change after monsoon. Marine Police Station (21°28.328’ N, 087°03.155’ E) is situated near the mouth of the river. A permanent jetty exists next to the marine police station vicinity of which is generally dried and full of vegetation. Balaramgadi village (21°28.119’ N, 087°02.876’ E) exists SE of the mouth of the Burabhalang River. It is also a place from where the fishing export trade is carried out. There exists a Military Firing area which lies between Karanpalli and Chandipur on this coast. The coordinates of which are as follows: 20º 58'.50N, 86º 53'.50E 21º 00.30N, 87º 03'.00E 21º 09'.00N, 87º 21'.85E 21º 27'.50N, 87º 02'.00E The ebb stream in the river lasts for 8 to 9 hours and attains a rate of 4 knots; the flood stream is feeble, averaging about ½ knot. Baleshwar (Balasore), a town with lies on the S bank of Burhabalang River, 16 miles within the entrance. Formerly a port of some commercial importance its trade now travels by rail and all sea-borne traffic has ceased. There is a small jetty W of the S entrance point of Burhabalang River. Burhabalang River to Rasulpur River: Panchpara River (21º 31'N, 87º 07'E) and Saratha River enter the sea 4 miles NE of the mouth of Burhabalang river; some mottled grey and yellow sand hills stand near its mouth. A bar, with depths of 0.3 m obstructs its mouth, but within the entrance depths increase and local craft of up to 100 tones ascend to Mahadini, 9 miles inland. Haskura River enters the sea 5 miles farther NE. The coast between Panchapara River and Subarnarekha River, about 13 miles ENE, is marked by several sandhills. Pippli Sand, a drying sand bank, about 2½ miles long, lies about 2 miles SSE of the entrance to Subarnarekha River. Subarnarekha River: Subarnarekha River enters the sea 14 miles E of Panchapara Nud River. Subernarekha River, is a major river flows W of Chaumukh village and enters sea at 21°33.225 N, 087°21.862’ E. At the time of low water, only fishing boats with a draught up to 2m can operate in the stream of the river. Two villages Chaumukh on S and Chandrabali on N exist alongside the mouth of the river. Along the E of the mouth of the river, a port is projected namely, Kirtania port. There also exist a small island namely, ‘Suberna Island’ on the mouth. The entrance channel, which nearly dries, passes SW of Pippli Sand, a drying sandbank 2 miles S of the river entrance. The river is reported to have moderate depths within entrance and to be navigable by local craft for about 16 miles for which the river is tidal and studded with islands. The former port of Subernarekha lies at the mouth of the river; it is almost choked with sandbanks and visited only by fishing craft. Dagara sea beach exists S of the Subernarekha river mouth where a light pole is visible (21°33.230N, 087°18.851’ E). Anchorage: may be obtained about 8 miles off the mouth off the river in depths of 8.8 m mud. Quoin Sandhill stands on the coast about 5 miles ENE of Subarnarekha River entrance. A conspicuous white house stands on the coast about 9.5 miles ENE of the river entrance; otherwise this stretch of coast is without any prominent features. The Digwash Mohan and Munder Mohan, both shallow streams, discharge about 13 and 17, miles ENE of the mouth of Subarnarekha River. The Pichaboni river largest of several creeks between Munder Mohan and Rasulpur River, discharges about 6 miles NE of Munder Mohan. Conspicuous twin palm trees stand on the coast on the about 1¼ mile E of Munder Mohan River. A white house stands 2 ½ miles NE of the twin palm trees. APPROACHES TO HUGLI RIVER: The coast between Munder Mohan River and Rasulpur River, 17 miles NE, is low and sandy. Approaches to Sandheads: When approaching the Sandheads off Hugli River, soundings are a valuable guide. A vessel is advised to keep in depths of not less than 30m until certain of her position. If approaching from the E, Swatch of No Ground can be of assistance, and the 30m contour is a useful safeguard in approaching the Sandheads. On arrival at Sandheads, vessels are advised to anchor SE of Eastern Channel light vessel in depths of between 25m leaving W side clear, in position 21º04'N, 88º12.6'E In the event of depression and cyclones one can experience very heavy ground swell. When it is not possible to stay at anchor, then it is advisable for vessels to weigh anchor and cruise in deeper waters. If approaching from SW it should be noted that the tidal stream inclines towards the land with the rising tide and away from it with the falling tide. Towards the close of SW monsoon the wind often hangs from E and the currents sets strongly SW. The coast from Dhamra river to Kolkata is sandy and is covered with a fair coverage of mangroves. Orissa canal runs parallel to the coast all the way till Contai. An off shoot of Orissa canal also joins up Rasulpur River. The prominent towns are Baleshwar and Chandipur. Anchorage: A vessel when forced to anchor through stress of weather should endeavor to anchor S of parallel 21º N in a depth of not less than 27m mud. When anchoring, vessel should stem the tide before letting go an anchor as the tidal stream runs strongly at Sandheads. At night Eastern Channel Light-vessel with her single riding light forward acts as a guide. Less strain will be brought on a vessel’s cable, and riding will be easier, if anchored in depths of from 25m to 35m, than in lesser depths; the cable is never quite taut in the greater depths, and therefore is not so liable to part, and the sea has less force than when in shoaler water. A dangerous wreck (20º 59'N, 88º 20'E) with masts showing above water lies 8 miles ESE of the light-vessel. A stranded wreck (21º 03'N, 88º 21'E) of MV Blue Express which sank while at anchor, in 1982, lies 9 miles ENE of Eastern Channel Light-vessel Kolkata Port Limits: The conservancy limit of Kolkata Port stretches from the outfall of the Feeder Canal at Jangipur (about 300 Km. upstream) of Kolkata to the Eastern Channel Light Vessel at Sandheads. It also includes shores of the river Hugli which are within 45.7 metres from the highest high water levels on either side of the bank. Caution: The chart cannot be depended on for position of light-vessels and buoys which are shifted as necessary; changes in Intermediate Light-vessel are not promulgated by Notices to Mariners. In some parts of the river the change in depths and the directions of the channels are so rapid that they cannot be described here and vessel have to depend upon the Pilots for the latest information. Pilot Vessel: A Pilot Vessel is stationed between Gasper channel and Sagar Island. Two fast motor launches are used for embarking and disembarking pilots. The introduction of Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS) has enabled the pilot station to be moved to Sagar.Kolkata harbour pilots board at Garden Reach (22º 33'.3N, 88º 17'.5E). Approach Channel: Jensen Sand, a spit lying 8 miles SSW of the entrance to Rasulpur River, dries 1.2m at its centre and extends S to meet Spence Sand, which dries 0.1m, at its middle extends NW for about 3 miles and then SW for about 4 miles. Three smaller sand spits lie around Jenson and Spence Sand spits. Western Channel which is not in use presently, lies between Western Sea Reef and Eastern Sea Reef and leads into Beaumonts Gut, which leads between Upper Long Sand. Extending S from it and further to Lower Long sand. Solar powered unattended Light Vessel (21° 05’ 00.0 N, 87° 50’ 25.00 E) is stationed at the entrance of Western Channel, Sagar light house bearing 019 (T) distance 36.3 mile and dariapur light house bearing 002 (T),distance 42.2 mile. It is painted in International Orange with the name in white letters on either side. By night, it displays a single flashing white light every 10 seconds. The duration of each flashing white light, the duration of each flash being about 1 second, 9 seconds eclipse at a height of 15m above waterline visible in clear weather 12 mile. Two sands exists 4 miles N and NE of Western Channel Lt Vessel and four sands are exists 10-16 miles NW of Western Channel Lt Vessel Western Sea Reef, a tongue shaped spit on which depth are less than 5m, it extends 20 miles S from Spence Sand. Eastern Brace: The N part of the Western Sea Reef, having comparatively less depths, is known as Eastern Brace, even during slight bad weather the sea heavily breaks over this spit. The least depths expected are 0.2m. Eastern Channel Light-Vessel: (21º 03' 25.3”N, 88º 11’30.6”E), with a red hull and a name painted on the sides and having one mast surmounted by a black ball, is moored 24 miles SSE of the S end of Eastern Sea Reef. A light is exhibited form a structure amidships and the vessel exhibits a riding light. A fog signal is also sounded from the Light-vessel. Solar powered unattended Light Vessel is stationed at the entrance of Eastern Channel,. It is painted in International Orange with the name in white letters on either side. It is fitted with four inclined solar panels. By night it displays a single flashing white light every 10 seconds. The duration of each flashing white light, the duration of each flash being about 1 second, 9 seconds eclipse at a height of 15m above waterline visible in clear weather 5 mile. Position of Talent Wreck Light Vessel Buoy is 21° 17’N 88°11’.5E. Lower Gasper Light-Vessel (21º 21'53.4” N, 88º 09'35.6” E), with name painted on her sides and having one mast surmounted by the lower half of black ball, is moored 4 miles SE of Middle Ground, a fog signal is sounded from the light-vessel. Solar powered unattended Light Vessel is stationed at Lower Gasper with sagar Lighthouse bearing 340 (T), distance 18.5 mile. It is painted in International Orange with the name in white letters on either side. The height of the centre of the lantern is 15 mtrs above waterline. By night it displays a single flashing white light, the duration of each flashing white light every 1 secs, the duration of each flash being about 1 second, with an eclipse of 9 seconds visible in clear weather 8 mile. A wreck lies 11 miles WSW of Lower Gasper Light Vessel. A stranded wreck lies about 2.2 miles ESE of Lower Gasper Light Vessel. Two wrecks lies about 5 miles and 3 miles respectively NEN of lower Gasper. Middle Ground, is shallow sand spit, with depths, of less than 5m over it, it extends 10.5 miles SE from the S extremity of Lower Long Sand. Sea breaks heavily during the SW monsoon over the middle and S end of Middle Ground Eastern Channel The entrance to the Hugli River now in use, lies between Middle Ground which lies E of Eastern Sea Reef and a tongue-shaped spit with depths less than 5m extending 20 miles SSE from Jambudwip (New Island). The route passes through Eastern channel and Gasper Channel, its continuation N, leads to Sagar Roads. Upper Gaspar Light-vessel Buoy (21° 29´.83 N, 88° 06´.63 E) (red hull, name on sides) is moored 10 miles SSE of Sagar Island Light Tower. Gasper (Gasper) Channel: The fairway through Gasper channel is marked by light buoys: Sagar Light-buoy and CSF Light-buoy (starboard hand) each marking a wreck, lie 1½ cables W and cables NE respectively, off Sagar Lighthouse and an unmarked wreck lies 1½ miles SW of it. Sidney Point lies 5½ miles ESE of Sagar Island. Ganga Sagar Column, a conspicuous column used for navigation, it lies 4 miles ESE of Sagar Light. Jambudwip (New Island), is a low lying Island 3.2 miles SE off Sydney point. The island measures 2½ miles in length a mile in breath. Lower Long sand, is a drying shoal with depths falling to 0.6m further south is the tongue-shaped Eastern Sea Reef with depths of less than 5.5m. The Beaumont’s Gut leads to Sagar Roads. A Wreck, dangerous to surface navigation, lies in position (21º 32'.3 N, 87º 58'.9 E) in the center part of Beaumont’s Gut. Another wreck lies about 3 miles SSW of this wreck. Upper Long Sand, a drying bank, lies with its upper end about 5½ miles SW of Sagar Island Lighthouse. Mizen Sand, a small drying bank, lies about 2 miles N of Upper Long Sand ; Tigris Sand lies about 1 mile farther N. LWA light buoy (port hand) is moored near the NE end of Mizen Sand. Sagar Roads lie off the SW side of Sagar Island. Dariapur Lighthouse (21° 47'N, 87° 52'E) is located on the right bank of Hugli south of Rasulpur river and about 1.4 miles inshore. The light is exhibited from a 30m high white round masonry tower with black bands 1 miles W of the mouth of Rasulpur River (21º 47'.4 N, 87º 54'.9 E). A racon (G) transmits from the light. It is visible in clear weather from a distance of 35 Km. The Rasulpur river is frequented by craft, which when approaching from W, use a narrow channel close inshore which has depths of less than 1m and requires local knowledge. A number of columns and pillars mark the coast; these are built for ease of navigation all the way up river. Medinagar Column lies about 3½ miles NE of Dariapur Light, Groyne No 26 lies 2 cables S of it. Leading Column lies about 2½ miles NE of Medinagar Column, Groyne No 25 lies 2 cables SE of it. Khejuri Column lies about 2 miles NE of Leading Column and Groyne No 24. The groyne lies about 4 cables SSE of it. Talpati Creek lies about 2 cables NNE of it. It has an opening which measures about 2 cables and is radar Conspicuous. Jellingham Channel leads to Haldia Channel. Haldia Sand which dries upto 5.9m lies on the east side of Jellingham Channel. Talpati Chak Column lies 9 cables W of Groyne No. 23. Pillar No 1 stands 5 cables NNE of this Groyne. Pillar No.1, 6 and 11 are located adjacent to each other with distance apart of 3½ cables further NNE. A leading line which bears 18.2º with Lattice Tower and water tower in transit, leads through Jellingham Channel to Haldia Channel. Gangra Tidal station lies in position (21º 56'.7N, 88º 01'.32E). Gangra Tower lies 4 cables SW of Gangra Tidal Station. A small creek enters the Jellingham Channel 2½ cables SSE of Gangra Tidal Station. It transmits tide over VHF Ch 16 every half hourly, round the clock. Inner Column (21º 58'.4N, 88º 01'.6E) a round masonry tower 18m high, lies about 1½ miles NNE of Gangra Tower. Sandia Column (21º 58'.8N, 88º 02'.2E) a round masonry tower 17m high, lies about 7½ cables NE of the Inner Column. Lattice Tower (Haldia Channel) (22º 00'.05N, 88º 03'.00E) a steel frame work tower lies about 1.4 miles NNE of Sandia Column. The west side of Haldia Channel is marked by three buoys. A wreck with 3m of water over it is marked by HS buoy, 7 cables SE of Lattice tower on the E side of Haldia Channel. Buoys mark the north eastern part of the Haldia Channel. A wreck with one meter of water over it lies E of UEH buoy at a distance of 4 cables. Agnimari Char (Nayachara Island) lies E of the Haldia Channel. The southern part of the island is Marshy and the Northern part is covered by deciduous forest. This island measure 6 miles long and has a width of 2.1 mile. HUGLI RIVER: Hugli River is the W channel by which river Ganga enters the Bay of Bengal and is commercially the most important one. This navigable channel is subject to annual variations caused by the difference in direction of the scour of the freshets and flood stream, during the rainy and dry seasons respectively. The channel through the estuary is subject to changes across the whole of its width, from time to time, such as it occur in all wide, sandy and tidal estuaries in their natural state. The Hugli River, in the NW part of the Bay of Bengal, is the W branch of the Ganges and the means of access for ocean-going vessels calling at the port of Kolkata is an approximately 160 miles long distributary of the Ganga River in West Bengal, India. It splits from the Ganga as a canal in Murshidabad District at the Farakka Barrage. Depths: Hugli River can be navigated as far as Kolkata at high water springs by vessels of 7.3m draught; at high water neaps special arrangements may be made for vessels of greater draught; vessels of upto 9.1m draught have been accepted during freshets (August and September). In recent years severe silting has resulted in more stringent restrictions on draught. The port authority issues a monthly forecast of maximum permissible draughts for passage Hugli to and from Kolkata, and also the optimum time for embarking the inward pilot. Farakka Barge (24°48'16?N,87°55'59?E) is a barrage across the Ganga River, roughly 10.3 miles from the border with Bangladesh near Chapai Nawabganj District, it is 60 miles North of Kolkata. The purpose of the barrage is to divert 1,100 cubic meters per second (40,000 cu ft/s) of water from the Ganga to the Hooghly River for flushing out the sediment deposition from the Kolkata harbour without the need of regular mechanical dredging. Farakka Barrage built 60 miles N of Kolkata is expected to control the river flow so as to enable ships of 8.5m draught to reach Kolkata throughout the year and to reduce the effect of tidal bores. It was also planned to place additional barrages N and S of Agnimari Char (22º 00'N, 88º 03'E) in an attempt to divert more water into Haldia Channel. SUNDARBANS: This coast is formed by the combined deltas of the Ganges or Ganga and Brahmaputra Rivers. The seaward side area is covered by mangrove forests called Sundarbans, from which the coast gains its name. Sundarbans extend E for about 165 miles from Hugli River. The W and E parts are high as compared with the low and swampy central part towards which the ground slopes gradually. The Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest in the world. It lies at the mouth of the Ganges and is spread across areas of West Bengal of India and Bangladesh, forming the seaward fringe of the delta. Bangladesh and Indian portion of the jungle are listed in the UNESCO world heritage list. The Sundarbans is intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant mangrove forests, and presents an excellent example of ongoing ecological processes. The Sundarbans is a complex ecosystem comprising one of the three largest single tracts of mangrove forests of the world. Shared between two neighboring countries, India and Bangladesh. To the south the forest meets the Bay of Bengal; to the east it is bordered by the Baleswar River and to the north there is a sharp interface with intensively cultivated land. An area of 2585 sq. km of the Indian Sundarban forms the largest Tiger Reserve and National Park in India. The coast extending about 170 miles E from the bank of Hugli River to the entrance of Tetulia River and the W mouth of Meghna River is referred to as Sundarbans. This part of the coast is broken by many outlets of river Ganga. The important rivers which discharge into the sea in this stretch of coast are Thakuran, Matla, Haribhanga, Raimangal, Malancha and Pussur. An intricate series of branches connect these rivers, whose course is continually shifting their positions. The W and E parts of the Sundarbans are slightly more elevated than the central area. The area is vulnerable to the effects of cyclones which can cause rapid flooding of the coast. In the W part of Sundarbans, rivers and streams contain saline water but in the central and E parts the rivers and streams contain freshwater. As a consequence the embankments protecting the cultivated fields in the W part are higher compared to the central part. In the E part, embankments are not required and the soil is richer. A belt of thick jungle near the sea protects the inlying parts from the effects of cyclonic storm waves. In the central part there are no habitations, the river water is fresh and the embankments surrounding fields are lower. The Sundarbans is the world’s largest estuarine forest. The Sundarbans is inhospitable, dangerous and monotonous. Dense mangrove forests occupy 56 islands and the balance is under saline water which flows through numerous tidal channels and creeks. It is difficult to approach and must be one of the most attractive and alluring places remaining on earth. HUGLI RIVER TO MATLA RIVER: Topography: There are numerous low, alluvial jungle-covered islands E of Sagar Island. These Islands are surrounded by many creeks and rivers. The sand extends considerable distance S of these rivers. These stretches of coast are inadequately surveyed and the charts of these places must be used with extreme caution. The seabed in the SW part of Sundarbans changes very rapidly. Lacam’s Channel: leads into Baratala River or Channel Creek W of Saptamukhi Sand (21º 18'N, 88º 26'E). This river channel is no longer used by seagoing vessels. A dangerous PA wreck (20º 56'.7N, 88º 35'E) is situated in the outer approach to Lacam’s Channel and 18 miles E of Eastern Channel Light-vessel. Saptamukhi Channel: lying between Saptamukhi and Bulchery Sands forms the common entrance to Saptamukhi River on the W and Thakuran River on the E; neither river is visited by seagoing vessels. MATLA RIVER: Matla River (21º30'.00N, 88º 40'.00E) lies about 34 miles E of Sagar Island Lighthouse, with its mouth between Bulchery island (21º 34'.00N, 88º 31'.00E) and Dalhousie Island. The river provides a navigable channel for small vessels to Port Canning (22º 18'.47N, 88º39'.09E) 50 miles up streams. The river is entered through Western and Eastern Channels, separated by West Spit, drying in patches. Shoals at the entrance are subject to change and since pilotage is not available, caution is necessary while navigating The land around Matla river is low, unremarkable and covered with tropical forest. The banks of river are so low lying that flooding routinely occurs at HW springs. Dense forest occupies both banks to within 8 miles of Port Canning above this position there are a number of clearings with small villages on both sides of the river. Directions: The approaches and river channel are not sufficiently surveyed and charted. Western Channel, between Bulchery Sand and Raitmatla Sand (21º14'.50 N, 88º46'.50 E), has a least charted depth of 4.6 m and is to be preferred to Eastern Channel E of Raimatla Sand, although the latter channel is deeper. Eastern channel between Raitmatla sand, West Spit and Dalhousie sand (21º25'.00 N, 88º50'.00 E) has a least depth of 7 m. A wreck (21º26'.00 N, 88º46'.00 E), position approximate, lies close W of Dalhousie sand. Depths beyond S of Dalhousie Point, the Eastern entrance point of Matla River are so irregular that soundings give no indication of the position as regards the edges of the sands on each side. Hence it is unpredictable and approaching them is dangerous. On Dalhousie Point there are clumps of trees, the W most appearing double and larger than the rest. Dalhousie Point and Halliday Island (21º 40' N, 88º 37' E), W of Dalhousie Island are visible from a height of 7m at about 10 miles. At a short distance Dalhousie Point appears as a high, white sandy beach and is conspicuous when the sun is shining. Dalhousie Sand extends about 17 miles SSE from Dalhousie Point. From Dalhousie Island to Cattalle, 12 miles N, there is dense jungle but the land is so low that at high water springs the water flows some distance inland. Dense jungles continue for 23 miles above Cattalle to Eedoo Reach. From this reach to Port Canning (22º 19'N, 88º 39'E) a distance of 8 miles, these are clearings with villages. Pilotage: is not available and local knowledge is required. Tidal Streams: The tidal streams below Dalhousie Sand streams appear to rotate; and have rates of 2 to 3 knots at springs and 1 to 1½ knots at neaps. On the rising tide the ingoing stream sets WNW, at first swinging clockwise through N to ENE. The outgoing streams set ESE and then swing clockwise through S to WSW. In the channel of Matla River the incoming stream tends towards the E shore until it is abreast of the N end of Dalhousie Island, then it swings across the river S of Grappler Sand towards Peel Point, 3 miles NNW, forming eddies; it then runs N for 8 miles to Roger Point where it divides., the greater part going up Bidya River and the rest rounds Roger Point into Cattalle bight leaving slack water off Bidya River Point. The rate of the flood stream in Matla River varies in different parts, the maximum recorded rate being about 5 knots. The outgoing streams sets fairly down the river, off Roger Point it forms numerous eddies. At the last of the ebb the stream sets from abreast the N extremity of Dalhousie Island SSW across the river towards Halliday Island. The greatest recorded rate of the outgoing stream is 2½ knots. MATLA RIVER TO PUSSUR RIVER: General Information: This offshore route leads from a position SE of the Matla River, 38 miles NE to a position S of the Mongla Fairway Light Buoy (21º26'.86 N, 89º33'.96 E). Bhangaduni River: is entered between Dalhousie Island and Bhangaduni Island. On the E lie Bhangaduni Island and Bhangaduni Sand. Gosaba (Guasaba) River: E of Bhangaduni Island, is encumbered by shoals in its entrance. Haribhanga River: (21º30 N, 89º10' E), the mouth of which lies 18 miles ENE of Gosaba River, Raimangal River also flows south about 4 miles E, All the three rivers enter the sea through a common estuary which extends 6 miles S. It has a least depth of 6.4 m in its approach but local knowledge is necessary for its navigation. International Boundary Line: Haribhanga River separates India from Bangladesh. Directions: The route lies to seaward of the 30 m depth contour on the NW side of Swatch of No Ground (21°05' N, 89° 17'E). Mariners should note several seamounts (21°00'N, 89° 13'E) lying SW of the ‘Swatch of No Ground’. Part of the seabed on NW extremity of Swatch of No-ground rises sheer face of this large feature is also quite sinuous, consequently soundings along it can be highly unpredictable. At spring tides the out-going stream carries yellow-coloured water as far S as Swatch of No-ground. A normal indication of approach to shallow water is change of color from blue-green to muddy-yellow For the offshore passage from a position SE of Matla River 38 miles NE to a position S of Mongla fairway light Buoy. Anchorage: For anchorage in Haribanga River local Knowledge is necessary. Anchorage may be obtained in depths of 9.5 m, on the W side of the combined estuary of the Raimangal River and Haribhanga river, 2.5 miles N of New Moore Island (21º 37'.11N, 89º 08'.75E) Tidal Streams at New Moore Island vary between 1 knots and 4 knots. The currents were observed over depths of 0.5 and 10m. A feeble North easterly/ South westerly tidal current of 1.0 kts during the slack water to 4.0 kts during high/low water was observed. Ships tends to lie bows north during ebb and bows north during floods when anchored in these regions. The outgoing stream sets SW with similar rates. Putney Island (21º 42' N, 89º 20' E): divides the mouth of Malancha River into two channels. Shallow flats extend S and SSE from the island. The channel on the W side of Putney Island is foul. Swatch of No Ground is a steep depression in the coastal bank, which extends SW from a position 20 miles SE of Putney Island where it descends steeply to depths of 200 m. Shoaling is known to happen in the N end of the swatch of No Ground. PUSSUR RIVER: Pussur River is entered between West Point. 4½ miles E of Putney Island, and Jefford Point, 7½ miles farther E; a bar lies E of the Zulfiquar Channel at the approach to the river which extends to 10 miles S from the entrance. The river is navigable for 73 miles above its mouth providing access to the small river ports of Mongla and Khulna. The channel leads from N of the bar to a deep water channel between shoal banks off West Point and Jefford Point and then N through an estuary formed by the junction of Sibsa River with Pussur River at Akram point. Vessels passing through the Zulfiquar Channel can ascend the river as far as Khulna 73 miles above the entrance. The Sibsa River S of Akram Point (21º59'.75N, 89º31'.85E), forms a combined estuary with the Pussur river. In clear weather Jefford Point may be sighted on entering Zulfiquar Channel, which leads from N of the bar to the estuary. The estuary coast is covered with dense tropical vegetation except Jefford Point where it is sandy and grass covered. The river banks from Mongla Port to Akram point are covered with dense tropical forest. The river above Akram Point remains fairly broad and presents a remains fairly broad and presents a relatively straight forward channel. Pilotage: The pilot boards at position 21º 45'.78 N, 89º 30'.00 E and in case of bad weather pilot boards off Akram Point at position 21º 59'.75 N, 89º 31'.83 E. Pilotage is compulsory for all vessels of 200 GRT or more. Pilotage is compulsory for all vessels entering Zulfiquar channel and no attempt should be made to navigate Pussur River without a Pilot. The request for a Pilot should be made at least 24 hours in advance to the Mongla Port Authorities and the Pilot Station by Radio. A fairly accurate position of vessels can be obtained by watching the Echo-Sounder indicating entry of vessel into the "Swatch of No Ground". It is usual for the navigators making approaches from Kolkata and Chattogram to proceed between 20 and 30 m contour, which is quite well defined, and converge on the northern most tip of the "Swatch of No Ground". The lighted Buoy painted "Mongla Fairway" and fitted with a radar reflector and flashing white light every 10 seconds, marks the entrance to the buoyed channel. From the "Fairway Buoy" to pilotage ground (Near Hiran Point) 10 pairs of lighted buoys with Radar reflectors mark the channel. Masters of vessels before approaching the pilotage ground should await instructions from the Hiran point pilot station. Mariners are cautioned that they may have to take appropriate corrective measures as the vessels are likely to set towards North-West during flood tide. Ships approaching Mongla Port will send their ETA and draught to their respective agents and to Port Mongla via Mongla Port radio station at least 24 hrs before their actual time of arrival at the fairway Buoy. On receipt of the ETA directly from the ship the pilot is detailed in order of priority of arrivals. The pilot station issue further instructions on VHF on or before arrival at the Fairway Buoy, the Master is to contact the Hiran Point pilot station on channel 16 on VHF for bar crossing instructions. It must be emphasized that the ship receiving such massages should repeat the instructions so received. The banks of the river are stable and have continuous belt of forest with small creeks at places throughout the passage upto the Mongla Harbour area. The controlling bar at the entrance of Pussur River has a minimum datum depth of 6.2m. This sets limit to the draught of ships entering and leaving Mongla Port. Instructions: Following pilot instructions, vessels drawing up to 7m may cross the bar in all seasons. During SW monsoon, 8.5m draught may be permitted. The maximum permissible fresh water draught for Mongla Port is published each day in advance by the Mongla Port Authorities. Draught permitting, the bar can be crossed anytime both by day and night. When crossing the bar during the SW monsoon, vessels should have not less than 1m of water under the keel and not exceed a speed of 12 knots. During the NW monsoon, a minimum clearance of 1m under the keel is considered a safe margin for crossing the bar. The best time to cross the bar inbound is about one hour before HW in the entrance. Vessels outbound should cross the bar during the last 45 minutes of the flood. During the first stage of the ebb, the river level drops very rapidly. The depths over the crossings inside the river range from 5.8 to 7m. Vessels with a fresh-water draught of 7.5m to 8.5m can enter the river during spring tides in January through December, and proceed as far as the anchorage off Mongla, about 48 miles above Jefford Point Vessels with a maximum draught of 4.9 m can proceed to Khulna, about 25 miles above Mongla Anchorage. Numerous fishing boats and nets have been reported in the vicinity of the river entrance. Directions: The Pussur river and Zulfiquar Channel are constantly changing due to siltation and lack of dredging. Mariners are advised to exercise caution and to check with port authorities before proceed into Pussur river. Pussur River is easily navigable N of Akram Point (21º 59'N, 89° 32' E) upto Mongla, about 40 miles N. This part of the river is buoyed but the buoys are liable to be altered without notice, due to changes in the channel The channel has least depths of over 6 m in the buoyed area. Depths of up to 2 m less than charted have been reported in this position, and of up to 1 m less at Mongla. The Channel is marked by buoys at various point's conical shapes to be passed on the starboard hand and can shapes on the port hand when entering with the main stream of flood. A dangerous wreck (21º26'.5N, 89º30'.5E) lies about 18 miles SSW of Jefford Point and is marked S by a light-buoy (green conical) as shown on chart. Another dangerous wreck lies 6 miles WNW of it. A stranded wreck (lit) lies, 4 miles SW of Jefford Point, in position (21º41'.8N, 89º29’.18E). A dangerous wreck lies, in position 21º33'.6N 89º30'.8 E, 10.3 miles SSW of Jefford Point. A dangerous wreck (21º30'.7N 89º35'.0E) lies 9 miles ESE of Jefford Point. The entrance to Pussur River is marked by Mongla Fairway Light-buoy (safe water; pillar) (21º26'.9N, 89º 34'.4E) moored 17½ miles S of Jefford Point. B1 to B17 Light-buoy (E and W side) mark both sides of the channel across the bar; details may be seen on the chart. Sarwar Sand (21° 42'N, 89° 28'E): awash at HW, lies on the W side of Zulfiquar Channel with its N edge 4.5 miles S of Hiran Point. An unnamed sand, which dries in patches, lies about Midway between Sarwar Sand and Hiran Point. In heavy weather the sea breaks on this spit. Extensive tide rips mark both the edge of the spit and Sarwar Sand. Dubla Shoal (21°46'N., 89°31'E.), with depths of less than 0.3m and patches which dry up to 0.9m, lies on the E side of the channel between Jefford and Boar Points. Pavanga Shoal (21°51'N., 89°30'E.), with depths of less than 5.5m and a central drying area, lies on the W side of the main fairway with its S end about 1.5 miles SW of Boar Point. The S end of this shoal extends 3 miles the S. Less water has been reported in the channel W of the Pavanga Shoal. Navigational Marks: Hiran Point Light (21º 47’.83 N, 89º 28’.37 E) is exhibited from a Grey metal framework tower. A DF (Direction finding) service operates from the old light structure 1½ miles NNW. Jefford Point Light (21º45'.39N, 89º32'.81E) is exhibited from a 40 m high grey metal framework tower. The light house is situated on the E bank of Pussur River mouth. Caution: The channel and depths within the Pussur River and its approaches are subject to change. Depths of upto 2m less than charted. The buoyage and other aids to navigation are adjusted accordingly. Mariners should navigate with caution, and contact Hiran Point pilot station for instructions, before approaching Mongla Fairway Light-Buoy, and are warned not to attempt to cross the bar without detailed instructions. Anchorage: Anchorage. Anchorage may be obtained generally as convenient in Zulfiquar Channel. Anchorage with good holding ground, but less sheltered, may be obtained in depths of about, 8 m. 3 miles NE of Sarwar Sand (21º 42' N, 89º 28' E). Vessels with local knowledge may anchor in the wider reaches of Pussur River above the estuary.